Why is "Boburnoma" popular in Europe?

Methodology plays an important role in the study of the dialectics of literature and society. With the change in the political system in our country, the scientific-methodological issue has also become an issue of the agenda.

Abroad, research that is not based on methodology is not considered a truly scientific work. Literature analysis on international scientific research ethics, The main conditions include methodology, formulation of the scientific problem, forms of analysis and discussion.

Methods in accordance with the requirements of modern science serve to summarize and model research. Uzbek literary studies also through Russian science Esada, who was aware of the European methodology, studied Uzbek Soviet literature and the history of literature from the point of view of Soviet ideology on the basis of socialist realism.

This, of course, led to limitations in historical analysis. Literary and artistic consciousness is one of the forms of social consciousness.

After all, the reality of society is reflected in literature. In world literary studies, there is a view that literature is a type of social perception (consciousness) that provides a basis for studying literature through a sociological approach.

This method is not unique or general, but gains meaning in conjunction with other methods of literary studies. During the period of independence, the Soviet scientific-materialist methodology was abandoned and literary phenomena were studied on a wider scale.

At that time, a clear and coherent scientific-theoretical basis for working on literary research was not formed. Without abandoning some of the class-socialist principles of Soviet literary studies, the history of literature was illuminated based on subjective views and using existing practical methods (comparative-typological, statistical, generalization, classification, analysis, etc.).

The term literary studies originated from the Russian word "literaturovedenis". In the West, this discipline is called "literary criticism".

It uses various methods (structural, formal criticism, feminist criticism, postcolonial criticism, moral criticism, Marxist criticism, psychoanalytic criticism, historical, sociological). These methods are not limited to a philological approach, but encompass all socio-humanitarian methods.

In Western literary studies, the sociological approach to reality, the subject, the individual, and society prevails. There is no field where this method has not penetrated.

The emergence of the social method in Western literary studies dates back to the 19th century, when socialist ideas were widespread. The method has the following factors: historicism (generality), focusing on individuals and processes, studying literature as a representative of the laws of folk culture, explaining artistic creation using the laws of sociology, economics, and other sciences, studying the impact of literature on the political situation and social life.

Sociological approach It places special emphasis on the connection of the events of the period with literature. It is actively used to examine the art of speech through the prism of historical and social changes.

We can also, for example, consider the just king and the ideas of justice in the works of Navoi or the works of the Jadids. When we talk about socio-ideological reforms, we rely on the sociological approach.

The social method became a dogma during the Soviet era, as it was used for narrow ideological purposes. Even the study of the works of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky from the perspective of a single class struggle gave rise to vulgar sociologism.

Later, Soviet literature was filled with works written using this method. The constant search for class, ideological, and ideological errors in a work intensified censorship and destroyed the naturalness and liveliness of a work of art.

That is why we are still afraid of this method. The danger of falling into the clutches of ideological slavery worries us.

In fact, it is the social approach that is important in literary methodology. The mirror of society also implies that literature raises social and personal problems.

In world literary studies, the social method is considered an effective, free method. It depends on which aspects of the text are focused on.

While one researcher may study a work in relation to the realities of society, another may examine the motive of love in a way that is consistent with the inner nature of the individual. Modern science supports the idea that a researcher can use methodology as an instrument to deeply and truthfully illuminate the contextual content of a text and even create new methodological categories.

Thus, the role of the researcher in interpreting the text has increased. The same can be said about the development of the sociology of culture and language in the works of Mikhail Bakhtin, who developed the concept of dialogic communication.

The concept of dialogue put forward by the scientist cannot be understood without sociological thinking. Thus, the sociological approach is a broad concept.

It covers everything from how a person (a group) perceives a particular author or work (association), to the extent to which events in society are reflected in literature, to the interaction between society and literature, etc. In our scientific environment, when we think of the social method, we think of ideologists who raise a red flag.

In the West, and in Russia too, the vulgar-sociological aspects of this method have been criticized, it has been renamed (in Russia – sociological; in the West – Marxist, sometimes socialist), and its main aspects have been outlined. That is, this method has not been completely denied, but its ideological aspects have been criticized.

Another method in Western literary criticism is historical criticism. It involves taking a broader view of the historical, social, and cultural events taking place at the time a literary text was written.

It is believed that studying the world in which the author lived (social events, ideology, culture, lifestyle, etc.) opens the way to a more complete understanding of the work. Literature does not exist in a vacuum; it is an integral part of historical processes and socio-cultural relations.

Historical criticism is highly effective in demonstrating the ideals of Jadids. It is this method that is able to show that literature is a mirror of the ideals of society, culture, and the era in a historical context.

Although historical criticism is partially used in our country, we believe that it is time to develop all the tools of this method and use them systematically. The receptive method is also partially used in our country.

Every work of the past and present is written for today& ;s reader; the reader& ;s associative perception is extremely important; the usefulness of a work of art for today is also important... - this is what the receptive method studies.

The reception of a work depends on the personality, interests, worldview, and life experience of the reader. Observations about the individual reception of a text became active as a basis for analysis in the 20th century, especially with the development of phenomenal philosophy and hermeneutics.

The German philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer, in his book Truth and Method (1960), argues that understanding a text depends on the reader& ;s knowledge of history and his or her observations (knowledge, experiences). It is the reader who is able to uncover the essence of the text through various interpretations.

In Europe, modern literature and education have taken a direction according to a subjective cultural-contextual approach that puts the student& ;s personality at the center. Interestingly, these methods are used in our country without emphasizing them.

Let& ;s say, having criticized the ideological socialist realism of the former Soviet Union and reassessed some realities, then the world We will use the method of postcolonial criticism, which is widely used in literary studies. Whether we refer to a historical event or fact, we will use the historical method; whether we write about the activities of the Jadids in the midst of national suffering, we will use the social approach.

Thus, Western science is contextual and social emphasizes the task, gives priority to the rational-social and functional aspects of literature. The impact of the text on a person also falls into these functional aspects.

That is why in Europe, Babur and the "Boburnama" have gained more fame than Navoi and his works. In the East, the emotional aspect - The impact of literature on the human soul and feelings and the upbringing of a complete person through this is important.

Gulshan RA H IM, Candidate of Philological Sciences "Tafakkur" magazine, 2025 - issue 4.